| Technique | Governing Equation | Typical Units | |-----------|--------------------|---------------| | UV‑Vis Absorbance | | ε (L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹), b (cm), c (mol L⁻¹) | | Atomic Absorption | C = (A – A₀)/k | A₀ = blank absorbance; k = slope of calibration | | Fluorescence Quantum Yield | Φ = (Iₛ/Iᵣ)·(Aᵣ/Aₛ)·(nₛ²/nᵣ²) | Subscript s = sample, r = reference | | Mass Spectrometry (m/z) | m/z = (M + n·e)/z | M = molecular mass, e = electron mass | | Chromatography (Retention) | k' = (t_R – t₀)/t₀ | t_R = retention time, t₀ = void time | | Electrochemical (Nernst) | E = E⁰ – (RT/nF)·ln([Red]/[Ox]) | R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, F = 96485 C mol⁻¹ | | ICP‑OES (Emission Intensity) | I = K·C·S·η | K = instrumental constant, C = concentration, S = sensitivity, η = plasma efficiency |
Potentiometry, Conductometry, and Voltammetry. Thermal Methods: TGA, DTA, and DSC. Nuclear Methods: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry. Finding a High-Quality PDF Drive Version
Measures temperature differences between a sample and a reference material to map phase transitions. | Technique | Governing Equation | Typical Units
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: Deals with the separation of complex mixtures. This includes Gas Chromatography (GC) for volatile compounds and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for non-volatile substances. C = concentration
Principles governing the separation of ions and macromolecules. 3. Electroanalytical Methods
I can provide or practice questions to help you prepare for your exams. Share public link S = sensitivity
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Methods used for trace metal analysis in environmental and pharmaceutical samples.