Evaluation using organs of sense (sight, smell, taste, touch). Color of Cinnamon, odor of Clove. Examination of cellular structures under a microscope. Stomatal index, trichome type, starch granules. Physical Determination of physical constants. Moisture content, ash value, extractive value. Chemical Identification tests for specific functional groups. Mayer’s test for alkaloids, Keller-Kiliani test. Biological

: Focuses on balancing the vital energy energy ( Qi ) through Yin and Yang forces.

: Cells growing suspended in a liquid nutrient medium, ideal for scaling up production.

Examination of cellular structures under a microscope. Key Visuals for PPTs:

Do you need for specific phytoconstituents?

: No scientific relationship between consecutive drugs. 2. Taxonomic (Botanical) Classification

: Testing the drug potency on living tissues, animals, or microorganisms when chemical assays are insufficient (e.g., Digitalis assayed on guinea pigs). Module 5: Primary and Secondary Metabolites Plants produce two main categories of chemical compounds. Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites Role Essential for plant survival, growth, and reproduction. Defensive, adaptive, and ecological survival functions. Presence Found universally in all plants. Restricted to specific families or species. Examples Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids. Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Volatile oils. Medical Value Generally lower (used as excipients/nutrients). High (used as active therapeutic agents).

: Introduced the processing of plant parts to extract active constituents (Galenical pharmacy). 2. Classification of Crude Drugs

It encompasses the history, cultivation, collection, preparation, preservation, identification, evaluation, and therapeutic use of natural substances. Historical Milestones